Retailer Responses to Public Consultations on the Adoption of Takeaway Management Zones Around Schools: A Longitudinal Qualitative Analysis.
International journal of health policy and management 2023 ; 13: 8294.
Keeble M, Chang M, Derbyshire D, White M, Adams J, Amies-Cull B, Cummins S, Hassan S, Liu B, Medina-Lara A, Mytton O, Penney TL, Rahilly J, Rogers N, Savory B, Schiff A, Smith R, Thompson C, Burgoine T
DOI : 10.34172/ijhpm.8294
PubMed ID : 39620537
PMCID : PMC11496767
URL : https://www.ijhpm.com/article_4628.html
Abstract
Takeaway food is often high in calories and served in portion sizes that exceed public health recommendations for fat, salt and sugar. This food is widely accessible in the neighbourhood food environment. As of 2019, of all local authorities in England (n=325), 41 had adopted urban planning interventions that can allow them to manage the opening of new takeaway outlets in "takeaway management zones around schools" (known elsewhere as "exclusion zones"). Before adoption, local authorities undertake mandatory public consultation where responses objecting to proposals can be submitted. Evidence on common objections could be insightful for practitioners and policy-makers considering this intervention.
We included 41 local authorities that adopted a takeaway management zone around schools between 2009 and 2019. We identified and analysed objections to proposals submitted by or on behalf of food retailers and local authority responses to these. We used reflexive thematic analysis with a commercial determinants of health lens to generate themes, and investigated if and how objections and responses changed over time.
We generated four themes: The role of takeaways in obesity, Takeaway management zone adoption, Use and interpretation of evidence, and managing external opinions. Despite not being implicated by the adoption of takeaway management zones around schools, planning consultants objected to proposals on behalf of transnational food retailers, however, independent takeaways did not respond. Objections attempted to determine the causes of poor diet and obesity, suggest alternative interventions to address them, undermine evidence justifying proposals, and influence perspectives about local authorities and their intervention. Objections consistently raised the same arguments, but over time became less explicit and expressed a willingness to partner with local authorities to develop alternative solutions.
Objections to local authority proposals to adopt an urban planning intervention that can stop new takeaways opening near schools featured strategies used by other industries to delay or prevent population health intervention adoption. Practitioners and policy-makers can use our findings when developing proposals for new takeaway management zones around schools. By using knowledge about their local context and addressing arguments against specific aspects of the intervention, they can pre-empt common objections.
Lay Summary
Local authorities in England can adopt takeaway management zones near schools (referred to elsewhere as ‘exclusion zones’) to decide if, when, and where new takeaway food outlets can open. The primary aim of these zones is to improve population health, especially among young people. Between 2009 and 2019, internationally established fast-food retailers consistently objected to the adoption of takeaway management zones near schools. Fast-food retailers claimed that there was little evidence to support takeaway management zone adoption. They also made poor diet and health out to be the result of a single cause that was unrelated to the food they sold. Doing so meant that they could propose alternative interventions that would not stop them from opening new outlets in the future. The findings from our research have highlighted the ways that internationally established fast-food retailers prioritise their future development and profits over population health, especially of the next generation.